23. Wrong username or password. "[391] "In the Virginia hunt country Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 - December 21, 1940) was an American novelist, essayist, and short story writer. [117], Following Fitzgerald's adaptation of his story "The Vegetable" into a play, in October 1922, he and Zelda moved to Great Neck, Long Island, to be near Broadway. In the intensity with which it is imagined and in the brilliance of its expression, it is the equal of anything Fitzgerald ever wrote, and it is typical of his luck that he died of a heart attack with his novel only half-finished. [340][341] In contrast to the older Lost Generation to which Fitzgerald and Hemingway belonged, the Jazz Age generation were younger Americans who had been adolescents during World War I and were largely untouched by the devastating conflict's psychological and material horrors. [282], Seven years later, Fitzgerald's friend Edmund Wilson remarked that he now received copious letters from female admirers of Fitzgerald's works and that his flawed alcoholic friend had posthumously become "a semi-divine personage" in the popular imagination. The story follows Stahr's rise to power in . [404] As early as 1922, critic John V. A. Weaver noted that Fitzgerald's literary influence was already "so great that it cannot be estimated. [204] Hemingway and others argued that such criticism stemmed from superficial readings of the material and from Depression-era America's reaction to Fitzgerald's status as a symbol of Jazz Age excess. "[337] Echoing Hemingway's critique that Fitzgerald ruined his short stories by rewriting them to appease magazine readers,[167] Rosenfeld noted that Fitzgerald debased his gift as a storyteller by transforming his tales into social romances with inevitably happy endings. More specifically, this novel tells the story of Nick Carraway and his experiences of living in New York's upscale town of West Egg, as he befriends his upper class neighbor, Jay Gatsby. [248] Both assignments went uncredited. 7. Fitzgerald died four years later, just 44, his body and brain destroyed by drink, his work largely forgotten. [80] The work catapulted Fitzgerald's career as a writer. [403] Fitzgerald frequently re-read Ginevra's story, and scholars have noted the plot similarities between Ginevra's story and Fitzgerald's novel. [289] Although his peers eventually hailed him as possessing "the best narrative gift of the century," this narrative gift was not perceived as immediately evident in his earliest writings. The Life of Frances Scott Fitzgerald Lanahan Smith. [192], In April 1932, when the psychiatric clinic allowed Zelda to travel with her husband, Fitzgerald took her to lunch with critic H. L. Mencken, by then the literary editor of The American Mercury. [228] He later referred to this period of decline in his life as "The Crack-Up" in a short story. "[329], In contrast to the discernible progression in literary quality and artistic maturity represented by his novels,[289] Fitzgerald's 164 short stories displayed the opposite tendency and attracted significant criticism. He fell in love with Ginevra King, one of the beauties of her generation. Along with her husband, novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald, Zelda epitomized the spirit of the times: carefree, fun-loving, and living for the moment. [178] The starlet became a muse for the author, and he wrote her into a short story called "Magnetism", in which a young Hollywood film starlet causes a married writer to waver in his sexual devotion to his wife. start. [270] The few critics who were familiar with his work regarded him as a failed alcoholicthe embodiment of Jazz Age decadence. "[272] His New York Times obituary deemed his work forever tied to an era "when gin was the national drink and sex the national obsession". [142] Fitzgerald sought to confront Jozan and locked Zelda in their house until he could do so. We see. [190] They returned to America in September 1931. [304] He argued that "the thing that chiefly interests the basic Fitzgerald is still the florid show of modern American lifeand especially the devil's dance and that goes on at the top. [313] He eschewed the realism of his previous two novels and composed a creative work of sustained imagination. ELALF40SH. [273] In retrospective reviews that followed after his death, literary critics such as Peter Quennell dismissed his magnum opus The Great Gatsby as merely a nostalgic period piece with "the sadness and the remote jauntiness of a Gershwin tune". The Great Gatsby (1925), the novel for which Fitzgerald has become most well known, met only limited success upon its publication. During these years soon after World War I, called the roaring twenties, we saw an increase of emancipated women as well as a swell of emergence of feminism, women suffrage and gender equality. [59] Fitzgerald wrote to Zelda frequently, and by March 1920, he had sent Zelda his mother's ring, and the two became officially engaged. [279] Despite its publication nearly a century ago, the work continues to be cited by scholars as relevant to understanding contemporary America. Smith, a child . [414] His third novel The Great Gatsby has been adapted numerous times for both film and television, most notably in 1926, 1949, 1958, 1974, 2000, and 2013. [15] In 1911, Fitzgerald's parents sent him to the Newman School, a Catholic prep school in Hackensack, New Jersey. . [203] Its structure threw off many critics who felt Fitzgerald had not lived up to their expectations. He had written all but two of the stories before 1920. [157], Surveying these posthumous attacks, John Dos Passos opined that many literary critics in popular newspapers lacked the basic discernment about the art of writing. "[106] In Fitzgerald's eyes, the era represented a morally permissive time when Americans became disillusioned with prevailing social norms and obsessed with self-gratification. [e][86] Although they were re-engaged, Fitzgerald's feelings for Zelda were at an all-time low, and he remarked to a friend, "I wouldn't care if she died, but I couldn't stand to have anybody else marry her. [300], Although critics praised This Side of Paradise as highly original, they eviscerated its form and construction. [153] For the rest of his life, The Great Gatsby experienced tepid sales. [118] Although he hoped The Vegetable would inaugurate a lucrative career as a playwright, the play's November 1923 premiere was an unmitigated disaster. Fitzgerald was the only son of an unsuccessful, aristocratic father and an energetic, provincial mother. Its likely that his heavy drinking contributed to his early death: Fitzgerald died of a heart attack on December 21, 1940, in Hollywood, California, at age 44. F. Scott Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 - December 21, 1940) was a professional writer who was also a literary artist. Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald was born on September 24, 1896, in St. Paul, Minnesota, to parents Edward and Mary (Mollie) McQuillan Fitzgerald. American author of novels and short stories. [229] The sudden death of Fitzgerald's mother and Zelda's mental deterioration led to his marriage further disintegrating. F. Scott Fitzgerald's Writing Style in The Great Gatsby. [141] Zelda became infatuated with a French naval aviator, Edouard Jozan. He inspired Budd Schulberg's novel The Disenchanted (1950),[283] later adapted into a Broadway play starring Jason Robards. "You are the finest, loveliest, tenderest, and most beautiful person I have ever known - and even that is an understatement.". [89] At the time of their wedding, Fitzgerald claimed neither he nor Zelda still loved each other,[87][90] and the early years of their marriage were more akin to a friendship.[88][91]. [395][396] While writing This Side of Paradise, Fitzgerald quoted verbatim entire letters sent to him by his Catholic mentor, Father Sigourney Fay. Both F. Scott Fitzgerald and Zelda Sayre had other sexual partners prior to their first meeting and courtship. If you want to know about the South, you read Faulkner. Born in St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1896 to an Irish-Catholic family, Fitzgerald was named after a famous distant cousin, Francis Scott Key, author of "The Star-Spangled Banner.". [205] The novel did not sell well upon publication, with approximately 12,000 sold in the first three months,[206] but, like The Great Gatsby, the book's reputation has since grown significantly.[207]. [259], On learning of her father's death, Scottie telephoned Graham from Vassar and asked she not attend the funeral for social propriety. [321] By eliminating the earlier defects in his writing, he had upgraded from "a brilliant improvisateur" to "a conscientious and painstaking artist. [289], Remarking upon the cultural association between Fitzgerald and the flaming youth of the Jazz Age, Gertrude Stein wrote in her memoir The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas that the author's fiction essentially created this new generation in the public's mind. and the family moved back to St. Paul in 1908 to live off of his mother's . In October 1939 he began a novel about Hollywood, The Last Tycoon. [112] As she emerged from the anesthesia, he recorded Zelda saying, "Oh, God, goofo [sic] I'm drunk. This is Fitzgeralds most moving book, though it was commercially unsuccessful. His mother was from a wealthy family, and his father, Edward, was a furniture manufacturer. [180], Jealous of Fitzgerald and Moran, an irate Zelda set fire to her own expensive clothing in a bathtub as a self-destructive act. [128] Purportedly born in America to a German immigrant family, Gerlach had been a major in the American Expeditionary Forces during World WarI and became a gentleman bootlegger who lived like a millionaire in New York. The Fitzgeralds' troubled family life has inspired numerous biographies, novels, movies, and TV series. [418], Beyond adaptations of his works, Fitzgerald himself has been portrayed in dozens of books, plays, and films. Essayist, novelist and short story writer F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) is considered to be one of the most important writers in American literary history. The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald - Dec 13 2020 Together, these forty-three stories compose a vivid picture of a lost era, but their brilliance is timeless. [4] His father, Edward Fitzgerald, descended from Irish and English ancestry,[5] and had moved to Minnesota from Maryland after the American Civil War to open a wicker-furniture manufacturing business. "[398], Fitzgerald continued this practice throughout his life. [109] They remarked to friends that their marriage would not last much longer. "I love her and that's the . The story primarily concerns the young and mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and his quixotic passion and obsession for the beautiful former debutante Daisy Buchanan. After a long struggle with alcoholism, he attained sobriety only to die of a heart attack in 1940, at 44. [169] After examining it in a public restroom, Hemingway confirmed Fitzgerald's penis to be of average size. [367] Consequently, Fitzgerald's characters are trapped in a rigid American class system. The career of its hero, Monroe Stahr, is based on that of the producer Irving Thalberg. [116] That year, Fitzgerald released an anthology of eleven stories entitled Tales of the Jazz Age. [324][325] Edith Wharton lauded Gatsby as such an improvement upon Fitzgerald's previous work that it represented a "leap into the future" for American novels,[324] and T. S. Eliot believed it represented a turning point in American literature. The Fitzgeralds troubled family life has inspired numerous biographies, novels, movies, and TV series. The Peacock Inn, Princeton, New Jersey. Born on September 24, 1896 in St. Paul, Minnesota, USA , United States. During this period, he became friends with writer Gertrude Stein, bookseller Sylvia Beach, novelist James Joyce, poet Ezra Pound and other members of the American expatriate community in Paris,[158] some of whom would later be identified with the Lost Generation. Shortly after their arrival in France, Fitzgerald completed his most brilliant novel, The Great Gatsby (1925). 1. THE GREAT GATSBY is a 1925 novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows a cast of characters living in the fictional town of West Egg on prosperous Long Island in the summer of 1922. F. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Born Francis Scott Key FITZGERALD. They fell deeply in love, and, as soon as he could, Fitzgerald headed for New York determined to achieve instant success and to marry Zelda. Fitzgerald portrays the American Dream in the character of Jay Gatsby. [261] Observing few other people at the visitation, Parker murmured "the poor son of a bitch"a line from Jay Gatsby's funeral in The Great Gatsby. [24] She would become his literary model for the characters of Isabelle Borg in This Side of Paradise, Daisy Buchanan in The Great Gatsby, and many others. "[331], Realizing that slick magazines such as the Saturday Evening Post and Esquire were more likely to publish stories that pandered to young love and featured saccharine dnouements, Fitzgerald became adept at tailoring his short fiction to the vicissitudes of commercial tastes. [258] After failed efforts to revive him, Graham ran to fetch Harry Culver, the building's manager. Though they loved these roles, they were frightened by them, too, as the ending of Fitzgeralds second novel, The Beautiful and Damned (1922), shows. [284] Fitzgerald detested the house and deemed it an architectural monstrosity. The next decade of the Fitzgeralds lives was disorderly and unhappy. [315] He was particularly influenced by Cather's 1923 work, A Lost Lady,[316] which features a wealthy married socialite pursued by a number of romantic suitors and who symbolically embodies the American dream. [78] Critics such as H. L. Mencken hailed the work as the best American novel of the year,[79] and newspaper columnists described the work as the first realistic American college novel. Gatsby's wealth wouldn't have existed without the advent of prohibition and the public's willingness to flaunt the law. [289] Summarizing Fitzgerald's artistic journey from apprentice novelist to magisterial author, Burke Van Allen observed that no other American novelist had shown such "a constantly growing mastery of his equipment, and a regularly increasing sensitivity to the esthetic values in life. Just as we ourselves have faced secret battles, we know others are doing the same. [364] His novel, The Great Gatsby, underscores the limits of the American lower class to transcend their station of birth. Along with writers Ernest Hemingway and T.S. [209] In 1933, journalist Matthew Josephson criticized Fitzgerald's short stories saying that many Americans could no longer afford to drink champagne whenever they pleased or to go on vacation to Montparnasse in Paris. [170] Fitzgerald decided to have sex with a prostitute to prove his heterosexuality. Fitzgerald had to climb two flights of stairs to his apartment, while Graham lived on the ground floor. [137] He had already written 18,000 words for his novel by mid-1923 but discarded most of his new story as a false start. His second novel, The Beautiful and Damned (1922), propelled him further into the cultural elite. As a Princeton undergraduate, Fitzgerald talked books with friends over meals at the Peacock Inn, a 16-room boutique hotel and restaurant a stone's throw . - F. Scott Fitzgerald. Born in 1896 in Saint Paul, Minnesota, to an upper-middle-class family, Fitzgerald was named after his famous second cousin, three times removed, Francis Scott Key, but was referred to as "Scott." MONTGOMERY, Ala. . The Red Cross distributed the novel to prisoners in Japanese and German POW camps. "[258] Fitzgerald died of a heart attack due to occlusive coronary arteriosclerosis at 44 years old. [364] Although fundamental conflict occurs between entrenched sources of socio-economic power and upstarts who threaten their interests,[366] Fitzgerald's fiction shows that a class permanence persists despite the country's capitalist economy that prizes innovation and adaptability. Some of Fitzgeralds finest short stories appeared in All the Sad Young Men (1926), particularly The Rich Boy and Absolution, but it was not until eight years later that another novel appeared. [304], Nevertheless, Mencken conceded that Fitzgerald came the closest to capturing the wealthy's "idiotic pursuit of sensation, their almost incredible stupidity and triviality, their glittering swinishness". [248] His work on Three Comrades (1938) became his sole screenplay credit. [171] Soon after, Zelda threw herself down a flight of marble stairs at a party because Fitzgerald, engrossed in talking to Isadora Duncan, ignored her. [60] Several of Fitzgerald's friends opposed the match, as they deemed Zelda ill-suited for him. [97], Fitzgerald's ephemeral happiness mirrored the societal giddiness of the Jazz Age, a term which he popularized in his essays and stories. [298] This atonal blend of different fictive elements prompted cultural elites to fte the young Fitzgerald as a literary trailblazer whose work modernized a staid literature that had lagged "as far behind modern habits as behind modern history. [105] He described the era as racing "along under its own power, served by great filling stations full of money. Mrs. Hanson was a pretty, somewhat faded woman of forty, who sold corsets and girdles, travelling out of Chicago. [111] On October 26, 1921, Zelda gave birth to their daughter and only child Frances Scott "Scottie" Fitzgerald. [415] His fourth novel Tender Is the Night was made into a 1955 CBS television episode, an eponymous 1962 film, and a BBC television miniseries in 1985. Scott Fitzgerald, "The Rich Boy" (1926)[356], A recurrent theme in F. Scott Fitzgerald's fiction is the psychic and moral gulf between the average American and wealthy elites. [40] Attempting to rebound from his rejection by Ginevra, a lonely Fitzgerald began dating a variety of young Montgomery women. [403], As one of the leading authorial voices of the Jazz Age, Fitzgerald's literary style influenced a number of contemporary and future writers. [337], Commenting upon this tendency in Fitzgerald's short stories, Dos Passos remarked that "everybody who has put pen to paper during the last twenty years has been daily plagued by the difficulty of deciding whether he's to do 'good' writing that will satisfy his conscience or 'cheap' writing that will satisfy his pocketbook. A great deal of Fitzgerald's own life was made a hell by this sort of schizophrenia."[338]. 'Zelda and I drank with them. Let me tell you about the very rich. [251] During his work on Winter Carnival (1939), Fitzgerald had an alcoholic relapse and sought treatment by New York psychiatrist Richard Hoffmann. 24. They possess and enjoy early, and it does something to them, makes them soft where we are hard, and cynical where we are trustful, in a way that, unless you were born rich, it is very difficult to understand. [113], After his daughter's birth, Fitzgerald returned to drafting The Beautiful and Damned. In The Great Gatsby, the Jazz Age is integral to the plot. Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald was one of the most celebrated figures of the 1920s. This is Fitzgeralds final attempt to create his dream of the promises of American life and of the kind of man who could realize them. In the early 1920s, Scott and Zelda had the world at their feet. August 31, 2005. You've read The Great Gatsby, haven't you? [183] Fitzgerald returned to his fourth novel but proved unable to make any progress due to his alcoholism and poor work ethic. Scribner's later reissued the book under Fitzgerald's preferred title, Adaptations and portrayals of F. Scott Fitzgerald, "Jay Gatsby, Failed Intellectual: F. Scott Fitzgerald's Trope for Social Stratification", "F. Scott Fitzgerald, Lois Moran, and the Mystery of Mariposa Street", "Fitzgerald and Leacock Write Two Funny Books", "New Fitzgerald Book Proves He's Really a Writer", "Review of 'Redefining the American Dream: The Novels of Willa Cather', "The Younger Generation: Its Young Novelists", "The Real Jay Gatsby: Max von Gerlach, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the Compositional History of 'The Great Gatsby', "Short Stories From the Maturing Pen of Scott Fitzgerald", "Exile and the City: F. Scott Fitzgerald's 'The Lost Decade', "Fitzgerald, the Stylist, Challenges Fitzgerald, the Social Historian", "The Passing of Jay Gatsby: Class and Anti-Semitism in Fitzgerald's 1920s America", "Fitzgerald and Cather: The Great Gatsby", "The Structure Of The Outsider In The Short Fiction Of Richard Wright And F. Scott Fitzgerald", "Willa Cather's 'A Lost Lady': The Paradoxes of Change", "Mastering the Story Market: F. Scott Fitzgerald's Revision of 'The Night before Chancellorsville', "Scott Fitzgerald's Latest Novel is Heralded As His Best", "Almost a Masterpiece: Scott Fitzgerald Produces a Brilliant Successor to 'The Great Gatsby', "Why 'The Great Gatsby' is the Great American Novel", "Theatre: Study of 'The Disenchanted'; Writer on Downgrade Shown at Coronet", "Decoding Woody Allen's 'Midnight in Paris', "Garrison Keillor Hospitalized for Minor Stroke", "Takarazuka: Japan's Newest 'Traditional' Theater Turns 100", "F. Scott Fitzgerald Thought This Book Would Be the Best American Novel of His Time", "Tracing F. Scott Fitzgerald's Minnesota Roots", "Scott Fitzgerald and L.I. [226] Nearly bankrupt, Fitzgerald spent most of 1936 and 1937 living in cheap hotels near Asheville. [238] After having a heart-attack at Schwab's Pharmacy, Fitzgerald was advised by his doctor to avoid strenuous exertion. in St. Paul, Minnesota, USA , United States, Died on December 21, 1940 [314] To this end, he consciously emulated the literary styles of Joseph Conrad and Willa Cather. [134], In May 1924, Fitzgerald and his family moved abroad to Europe. Died on December 21, 1940 in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, USA. [326] After reading Gatsby, Gertrude Stein declared that Fitzgerald would "be read when many of his well-known contemporaries are forgotten. Zelda suffered an even sadder fate, dying in a mental institution fire in . There are still some Gilded Age country housesalong Long Island's North Shore, including the seven-bedroom house that the Fitzgeralds rented for $300 a month at 6 Gateway Drive, that have ties to. Living in a villa in a less fashionable part of Cannes, the Fitzgeralds now avoided the Htel du Cap, a celebrity circus where silk-clad matrons used the pool "only for a short hangover dip". [141] She spent afternoons swimming at the beach and evenings dancing at the casinos with him. "[359] He "sensed a corruption in the rich and mistrusted their might. He is best known for his novels depicting the flamboyance and excess of the Jazz Agea term he popularized in his short story collection Tales of the Jazz Age. [423] Other depictions of Fitzgerald include the TV movies Zelda (1993), F. Scott Fitzgerald in Hollywood (1976), The Last of the Belles (1974), and the TV series Z: The Beginning of Everything (2015).[424]. [110] After their eviction from the Commodore Hotel in May 1920, the couple spent the summer in a cottage in Westport, Connecticut, near Long Island Sound. riding in a taxi one afternoon between very tall buildings under a mauve and rosy sky; I began to bawl because I had everything I wanted and knew I would never be so happy again. troops. [215], As he had been an alcoholic for many years,[j][216] Fitzgerald's heavy drinking undermined his health by the late 1930s. F. Scott Fitzgerald. F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway first met in a caf. It has been the greatest credo in my life that I would rather be an artist than a careerist. Remember? As the author of pivotal texts such as Tender is the Night (1934) and The Great Gatsby (1925), Fitzgerald was poet laureate of the 'Jazz Age', a term he popularised to convey rapidly changing consumerist, economic and sexual attitudes . [145] Jozan later dismissed the entire incident and claimed no infidelity or romance had occurred: "They both had a need of drama, they made it up and perhaps they were the victims of their own unsettled and a little unhealthy imagination. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [69] While Prohibition-era New York City was experiencing the burgeoning Jazz Age, Fitzgerald felt defeated and rudderless: two women had rejected him in succession; he detested his advertising job; his stories failed to sell; he could not afford new clothes, and his future seemed bleak. [385] Wilson argued that Fitzgerald's early works such as This Side of Paradise suffer from the defects of being meaningless and lacking intellectual substance. [188][189] The couple traveled to Switzerland, where she underwent treatment at a clinic. According to biographer Andrew Turnbull, "one day, drinking martinis in the upstairs lounge, [Fitzgerald] announced that he was going to jump out of the window. Fitzgerald struggled with alcoholism throughout his life. His wife, Zelda, who has been insane for years, is now confined at the Sheppard-Pratt Hospital, and he is living in Park Avenue with his little daughter, Scottie". 22. F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) was an American writer, whose books helped defined the Jazz Age. [309], Although critics deemed The Beautiful and Damned to be less ground-breaking than its predecessor,[310][311] many recognized that the vast improvement in literary form and construction between his first and second novels augured great prospects for Fitzgerald's future. In a letter, Fitzgerald insisted he only became an alcoholic after college. [362] For this reason, critics predicted that much of Fitzgerald's fiction would become timeless social documents that captured the naked venality of the hedonistic Jazz Age. [159] Most notable among them was a relatively unknown Ernest Hemingway, whom Fitzgerald first met in May 1925 and grew to admire. [388] Largely indifferent to politics, Fitzgerald himself ascribed the lack of ideational substance in his fiction to his upbringing, as his parents were likewise disinterested in such matters. [396] Fowler asked that certain passages be excised prior to publication. [304] His works skewered those "who take all of the privileges of the European ruling class and assume none of its responsibilities". Throughout the novel, readers can see evidence of the "roaring twenties.". [398] When reading This Side of Paradise, Fay wrote to Fitzgerald that the use of his own biographical experiences told in confidence to the young author "gave him a queer feeling. F. Scott Fitzgerald married Zelda Sayre on April 3, 1920. [169] A more serious rift soon occurred when Zelda belittled Fitzgerald with homophobic slurs and accused him of engaging in a homosexual relationship with Hemingway. [242] On occasions that Fitzgerald failed his attempt at sobriety,[k] he would ask strangers, "I'm F. Scott Fitzgerald. [125] While striving to emulate the rich, he found their privileged lifestyle morally disquieting. In the spring of 1920 it was published, he married Zelda, and. I needed it to write.'". [138] Initially titled Trimalchioan allusion to the Latin work Satyriconthe plot followed the rise of a parvenu who seeks wealth to win the woman he loves. Best known for The Great Gatsby (1925) and Tender Is the Night (1934)two keystones of modernist fictionFrancis Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) was the poet laureate of the "Jazz Age," a term he popularized to convey the post-World War I era's newfound prosperity, consumerism, and shifting . Here was a new generation, shouting the old cries, learning the old creeds, through a revery of long days and nights; destined finally to go out into that dirty gray turmoil to follow love and pride; a new generation dedicated more than the last to the fear of poverty and the worship of success; grown up to find all Gods dead, all wars fought, all faiths in man shaken. [224] The article damaged Fitzgerald's reputation and prompted him to attempt suicide after reading it. [Fitzgerald's] talent was as natural as the pattern that was made by the dust on a butterfly's wings. Corrections? After Edward's business failed, he was employed by Proctor and Gamble, and the family transferred to Buffalo . They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. He met sports columnist Ring Lardner,[99] journalist Rebecca West,[100] cartoonist Rube Goldberg,[101] actress Laurette Taylor,[101] actor Lew Fields,[102] comedian Ed Wynn,[102] and many others. 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