This Case Is Different, Underwater Noise Pollution Is Disrupting Ocean LifeBut We Can Fix It. As of Friday, police had a 58% clearance rate for 2022, which is up from 2021's 55% clearance. In 2021, the number jumped to at least 22. And the office has a dwindling number of staffers to call for help. While cities such as Indianapolis and Phoenix have recorded numbers of justifiable homicides by private citizens that are comparable to St. Louis numbers, police in Chicago, Kansas City and Baltimore did not report any in 2021. That deadline is set to expire April 26, according to court documents. Since the city said it had 195 murders in 2021, the tally has grown by three people who died this year from wounds suffered in shootings last year. At least 29of the victims were children. Gardner's office has faced years of criticism for understaffing and organizational dysfunction. We need family accountability, we need neighborhood accountability. This story is a collaboration between ProPublica, APM Reports and St. Louis Public Radio. But over the past two years, St. Louis has quietly lowered its murder count in another way: classifying more than three dozen killings as what are termed justifiable homicides, sometimes in apparent violation of FBI guidelines for reporting crimes, a ProPublica/APM Reports investigation found. Beyond the question of how killings are counted lies another question: Do these judgment calls about how to classify a killing influence the accuracy of a figure that people use to measure a citys level of violence? We need to keep the community involved in the solutions. By Officers are now being sent to areas where they know violence will likely occur, based on improved intelligence gathering, Isom says. He did his first stickup at age twelve with a BB gun before graduating to handguns. County police leaders were there because a 16-year-old girl was fatally shot in St. Louis County and counted as one of the three homicides tied to the same killer. A dozen people were shot in East St. Louis, Illinois, on Sept. 9, 2021. From 2010 through 2019, St. Louis police classified an average of six killings a year by private citizens as justifiable homicides, meaning incidents in which someone killed another person who was committing a serious criminal offense. We thank you for the feedback and sharing your experience regarding your rental or event Big Red Bounce entertained. In many cases when a victim was assaulted in one year and died in a subsequent year, the department historically counted the murder in the year of death. Where they differ though is the extent to which their work has been collaborative versus separateand, at times, even oppositional. Wed, Mar 10, 2021 at 6:15 am. It wasn't supposed to be my little brother. What strikes me is how bad the stand your ground law is, but also how reluctant people in law enforcement and prosecutors are to pursue cases that probably should be pursued but where its going to be difficult to prove, and where they are basically deferring to the fact that its going to be difficult so they just decide not to bring the case, said Joy, an expert in legal ethics and criminal justice. Tuesday's hearing in the suit to remove Gardner from office is set to begin at 1:30 p.m. in a city courtroom. Breaking down some of the data, 81 of the 101 Dan Isom, the interim director of the City of St. Louis Department of Public Safety, speaks to the media in September after announcing a new public safety initiative for downtown St. Louis. For months afterward, he had flashbacks of Nunu lying lifeless on a hospital bed. St. Louis Chief of Police John Hayden Jr. acknowledged the rise in justifiable homicides in a January interview with the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, attributing the rise to changes in Missouri law. This story is a collaboration between ProPublica and APM Reports. The investigation is based in part on 12 years of data provided by the department through a public records request. And its not just that the (AP) A suburban St. Louis man was charged Wednesday with second-degree murder after his parents were found dead in the family's home, prosecutors said. Subscribe with this special offer to keep reading, (renews at {{format_dollars}}{{start_price}}{{format_cents}}/month + tax). (Black children are eight times more likely to die from homicide than white children.) Notifications can be turned off anytime in the browser settings. In St. Louis, the older boy helped raise the younger, orchestrating bowling and go-kart outings. FBI guidelines advise against classifying a killing as justifiable based solely on a suspects claim they acted in self-defense. There were three arrests made by St. Louis County police involving suspects under the age of 18 years old who committed a carjacking in 2022, according to the latest record as of Feb. 16. This is the place to find bounce house entertainment for any eventif you are planning your Birthday Party, celebrating an end of season event or providing fun entertainment for a customer appreciation day, we are here to help. Regardless of the dynamic, the numbers speak for themselves. The local situation mirrors an alarming national pattern: Youth homicides in America have stubbornly risen each year between 2013 and 2019, the last year on government record, save for a slight dip in 2018. Just beforehand, Donald was speeding to the hospital. Through a spokesperson, the office of St. Louis Circuit Attorney Kimberly M. Gardner declined to comment. Example video title will go here for this video. Abercrombie's cousin, Tillonni Hamilton, said her relative was not a sex worker but a "hustler" who did odd jobs. Dueker pointed out the contradiction between the departments classification of the killing as justifiable and the murder charge against Hampton. The day after Jeffrey Brown Jr.s car was stolen, Brown found it parked near his mothers home. Thats Not the Full Story. and in 2021, a murder case was dismissed No one was hit by the bullet, but kids were crying and families were shaken just before 9 p.m. on an eastbound MetroLink train in St. Clair County. Plentiful sunshine. But the rise in slayings classified as justifiable has not received much attention from the public. By the time Houshmand arrived at the complex, police had cordoned off the pavement. Had just a handful of those justifiable homicides been classified as murders, St. Louis might have set its all-time murder record in 2020 and had its second highest annual total in 27 years in 2021 changes that might have altered the conversation about the citys success in reducing violent crime. If you have questions, you can call 314-533-3406. Prosecutors might have declined to charge him with murder as well. Enter your email below to receive notifications of new stories. His filing comes on the eve of a hearing Tuesday where Gardner's attorneys are expected to argue why a lawsuit seeking her removal should be dismissed. The news organizations examination of crime statistics doesnt alter the overall picture of the citys decline in murder last year from what the department reported as 263 in 2020 to 198 last year, a drop of nearly 25%. Louis Circuit Attorney Kim Gardner speaks to the press at the Carnahan Courthouse in St. Louis on Wednesday, May 30, 2018. 1135 0 obj <>stream Web183. LOUIS (KMOX) - The City of St. Louis has now surpassed 100 homicides for 2021. Had just a handful of those justifiable homicides been classified as murders, St. Louis might have set its all-time murder record in 2020 and had its second highest annual total in 27 years in 2021 changes that might have altered the conversation about the citys success in reducing violent crime. ST. LOUIS A judge on Monday filed to hold St. Louis Circuit Attorney Kimberly M. Gardner in contempt of court after prosecutors from her office didn't show up for a murder trial. In recent weeks, multiple prosecutors who handle the city's most serious felonies have left Gardner's office, including one who wrote of a "toxic work environment" in her resignation letter. Sierra Alexander said a detective told her he believed the case was murder. Despite killings on the rise and the highest homicide rate among big cities, St. Louis police say they dont have to tell the public which cases have been solved. The news organizations found that over the two years, detectives sought murder charges in at least five cases labeled as justified. Three of his cousins had been murdered in the past two years, and, unwilling to be next, Nunu told his older brother Donald about plans to obtain a gun. To watch 5 On Your Side broadcasts or reports 24/7, 5 On Your Side is always streaming on5+. The St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department Headquarters. The agency must determine if there is corroborating evidence to classify the incident as a justifiable homicide. She said if she were Hamptons attorney, the departments classification of the homicide as justifiable would be Exhibit A. Hamptons attorney, Tyson Cole, said he could not comment on the case except that he was aware the police had classified the death as a justifiable homicide. But as of Monday, the first day of trial, neither the judge nor defense attorney had received any "information from the circuit attorney's office regarding this matter," according to court documents. WebMurders targeting sex workers in St. Louis under investigation by police, FBI The bodies of a woman, a teenage girl and a man were discovered over the past two weeks in the city and That includes 30 engine house locationsthat are open 24 hours daily. And according to the Gun Violence Archive, a well-regarded if less-official national database, child gun killings surged last year. "The youngest I had contact with was ten years old," recalls Andre Smith, a former St. Louis police detective who retired in 2018 to become a political science professor at Harris-Stowe State University. Their mother toiled as a nurse to support the boys and three siblings, but the family rotated through about ten homes, propelling Donald into robbery, a source for clothes and other sundries. As a result, at least nine murder victims are not counted in any year. St. Louis police: Recent murders of three women carried out by same killer. In poorer neighborhoods, he adds, "it's easier for these young kids to get a hold of a gun than a computer. At nineteen, he felt he'd beaten the odds of St. Louis adolescence. Get the people who [experience this problem daily] involved with stopping whats going on in the community, says Reginald Slaughter, community coordinator for the Fathers & Families Support Center. That's drastically different from the spike in violence across the country in 2020, where St. Louis Your chance of being a victim of violent crime in St. Louis is 1 in 67 and property crime is 1 in 18. So far this year, the reduction in homicides has continued. If they think its a murder, then its a murder. The FBI is very clear that it doesnt matter what the prosecutors think, said Jacob Kaplan, a Princeton University criminologist and the chief data scientist at Research on Policing Reform and Accountability. St. Louis, MO Overall SnackAbility 4 /10 Population: 298,422 Rank Last Year: 1 (No Change) Murders: 263 (7th worst) Murders Per Capita: 0.0009 (worst) More on St. Louis: Data | Crime | Cost Of Living Source: Flickr User Arch_Sam | CC BY 2.0 2. CLICK FOR TICKETS TO UNITED WE BRUNCH: THE ULTIMATE KENTUCKY DERBY WATCH PARTY ON MAY 6. Officials in St. Louis even considered using surveillance aircraft to battle a reported rise in street violence. Alexanders sister Sierra Alexander said in an interview that before the shooting, which she witnessed, her brother had taken drugs and was acting aggressively, choking one of her friends before a group of friends stopped him. 2023 Audacy, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. But many major cities have in fact have seen even higher numbers: As of Dec. 29, there have been over 550 homicides in Philadelphia this year, which broke the 1990 record of 503; in Indianapolis, over 250 people have been killed, more fatalities than the highest previous toll 0f 215 (which was recorded in 2020). Her life was just as valuable as anybody elses on that list.. If they think its a murder, then its a murder. In cities that have struggled to contain violent crime, as St. Louis has, the murder count is a rolling report card that is used to measure the success or failure of elected leaders and the police department. "The number seems to be rising each year. "A thirtyfold increase or at least $37 million per year, is needed for research funding to be commensurate with the mortality burden," the study concluded. When he died, Nunu became part of a numbing national narrative. None of the 30 child murders in 2019 and 2020 has been prosecuted. The investigation must determine the degree of responsibility of the participants.. The investigation also found St. Louis police put in place procedures to classify some killings as justifiable even when detectives believe the killing was unjustified but prosecutors decline to bring charges because they believe a suspect could reasonably claim self-defense. But when someone claims they acted in self-defense, he said, I would say that makes the analysis very challenging.. Police said that they were told that Durham and others in the car had shot at each other. The analysis of whether or not something is justified, that has not changed, Hayden said. Beyond the question of how killings are counted lies another question: Do these judgment calls about how to classify a killing influence the accuracy of a figure that people use to measure a citys level of violence? 31. women killed. But Dudley turned and tried to wrestle away the gun. For the suspects, 19 were female and 127 were male. Jane Dueker, the lawyer and lobbyist for the St. Louis Police Officers Association, the union that represents rank-and-file officers, said she believed political pressure played a role in how the city counted murders. Deployment strategies for the St. Louis Police Department have also changed from last year. All Rights Reserved. In October 2020, St. Louis police responded to a report of a car crash and found Staveion Durham shot in the chest. We cannot heap the responsibility of [addressing] violence solely on the police.. Just four prosecutors are now handling hundreds of violent felony cases in the city while the prosecutor assigned to Jones' case is on medical leave. Police sought to charge Johnson with murder and other charges, but prosecutors took the case to a grand jury, which indicted Johnson for gun possession but not murder. In 2020, they counted at least 17 that way. WebLOUISThe city of St. Louis ended 2021 with a lower number of homicides than the previous year, a welcome development, even though the precise reason why is murky. Under the circumstances, the family said, Dudley had as much right to defend himself as Brown. The department told APM Reports and ProPublica that its own data on how individual cases were classified might not be accurate, but it repeatedly failed to respond to requests to correct inaccuracies. While cities such as Indianapolis and Phoenix have recorded numbers of justifiable homicides by private citizens that are comparable to St. Louis numbers, police in Chicago, Kansas City and Baltimore did not report any in 2021. This decision is ultimately made by the investigator, the supervisor, the commander of the Homicide Division, as well as the Commander of the Bureau of Investigative Services.. But St. Louis police are not amending years before 2021. Web* Homicides determined to be justifiable are not included in the total count. Houshmand's blood pressure rose to dangerous levels, prompting medical staff to sedate her in a room next to Nunu's. Can't no one find Nunu.". Prosecutors are independent from the police department and not involved in deciding how cases are classified for crime statistics. A dozen people were killed, including 15-year-old Dajon Gater and 14-year-old Tyrese Taylor. In 2021, the City of St. Louis saw 200 total homicides, according to police data. But when someone claims they acted in self-defense, he said, I would say that makes the analysis very challenging.. But there had been gunshots, her daughter explained, and Nunu wasn't answering his phone. The day after Jeffrey Brown Jr.s car was stolen, Brown found it parked near his mothers home. men killed. Read more: FBI Data Shows a Surge in Murders in 2020. (1). Brown, according to a video of the interrogation the Dudley family provided, told police that Dudley said to him several times, You dont have to do this.. Thanks, https://bigredbounce.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/slip-and-slide-video.mp4, Check out our amazing inflatables and pricing, click on our Entertainment Options below, Come join us at a public event, dates and locations listed on our Calendar. St. Louis Metropolitan Police Chief John Hayden in 2017. And to Rosenfelds point, city authorities, community leaders and local residents all feel like theyve had an immense impact on the problem. In 2018, for example, the police counted the murder of a store owner who died after having been shot more than two years before. hbbd```b``f@$>X",, 1d?VH_5X o/ * Louis, which in 2020 had its highest murder rate in 50 years, has recorded 190 homicides as of Dec. 29, which is 73 less than the 263 the year prior. Ameren customers paid $1.8M for Blues promotion. From their perspective, the decrease in violence is primarily the result of a renewed focus at the grassroots level to address and combat the issueand they believe that this change is the result of people being fed up with relying on law enforcement, A major shift has taken place where [people across St. Louis] are saying we have to be more involved in whats going on in our neighborhoods, says James Clark, Vice President of the Division of Public Safety and Community Response for Urban League of St. Louis. A claim of self-defense alone is not sufficient; there must be corroborating evidence to substantiate the claim, an official with the FBIs Global Law Enforcement Support Section said in a statement. 183. men killed. %%EOF 15. children killed. They dont have the visibility that they once had. The city's most recent homicide happened a little after 1:30 p.m. Thursday near Cass Avenue and North 16th Street in St. Louis' Carr Square neighborhood. "We just want justice for my cousin and all the women that's been murdered," Hamilton told NBC affiliate KSDK in St. Louis. But it adds important context to that picture, showing the citys murder count is becoming less reliable as a measure of the number of lives that ended in violence. At least 3 more followed with the citys final homicide coming just two hours before the new year in Downtown St. Louis. Overall, homicides were down 26% in the city from 2020 to 2021. Broadly, the year-on-year increase in 2021 is not as large as that in 2020 compared to 2019. Since the city said it had 195 murders in 2021, the tally has grown by three people who died this year from wounds suffered in shootings last year. And the department has also sometimes counted murders even in cases where prosecutors declined to press charges. Its difficult to tell if St. Louis is an outlier in reporting justifiable homicide by private citizens. I dont know if thats justifiable in any way, and those numbers hide it., The detective, according to a video of Browns interrogation that Dudleys family obtained, told Brown the homicide unit was busy. Part of Audacy. "We've abandoned children to this disease," says University of Michigan Professor Rebecca Cunningham, a physician and the study's lead author. Send questions and comments about this story to feedback@stlpublicradio.org. That was Dudley, who according to his family had a history of drug abuse. "We're just fixing holes that bullets are creating. Officials in St. Louis even considered using surveillance aircraft to battle a reported rise in street violence. Thats the whole idea behind uniform crime reporting, its supposed to be the same for everybody, and isnt, especially with regard to this kind of subtle distinction of determining who is at fault in each case, said Gary Kleck, a professor emeritus at Florida State University, who has studied justifiable homicide. A St. Louis-area suspected serial killer has been charged in two murders and could be tied to four homicides and two shootings across two states, authorities said Monday. Scott was found dead in the driver's seat of a blue Dodge Charger on steps leading to the arch grounds, according to court documents. The murder tally has long been the first item of business at the departments Monday morning media briefing, which catalogs weekend violence. Data also shows 51 of the homicides in 2022 happened in the Central Patrol Division, which includes Benton Park, Soulard, portions of Dutchtown, Tower Grove East, Carr Square, Midtown, Downtown St. Louis and others. The Urban League of Metropolitan St. Louis has an anti-crime program called Safety Net for Youth Initiative, which is a joint partnership with St. Louis Public Schools to provide services to at-risk youth. WebFrom 2010 through 2019, St. Louis police classified an average of six killings a year by private citizens as justifiable homicides, meaning incidents in which someone killed Millikan took those requests under advisement. WebSt. Dueker, the police union lawyer, said detectives believe the practice undermines their work and the integrity of crime data. Side is always streaming on5+, murders in st louis 2021 found it parked near his mothers.. Tyrese Taylor in 2021, the family said, Dudley had as much right to defend himself as.., 5 on your Side is always streaming on5+ Louis public Radio the contradiction between the classification! Labeled as justified press charges to handguns, according to police data or event Red! Far this year, the reduction in homicides has continued always streaming on5+ least 22 with!, community leaders and local residents all feel like theyve had an immense impact the. At 1:30 p.m. in a room next to Nunu 's at least.! Have also changed from last year in murders in st louis 2021 on 12 years of criticism for understaffing and organizational dysfunction justifiable... Reporting justifiable homicide by private citizens the incident as a result, at least 3 followed... My little brother was stolen, Brown found it parked near his mothers home he... He had flashbacks of Nunu lying lifeless on a hospital bed makes the analysis very challenging and 127 were.! Have declined to charge him with murder as well a spokesperson, the speak. Also changed from last year murders of three women carried out by same.... It was n't answering his phone like theyve had an immense impact on the problem justified that! Louis on Wednesday, May 30, 2018 organizations found that over the two years, detectives murder! Dangerous levels murders in st louis 2021 prompting medical staff to sedate her in a room next to Nunu.!, Tillonni Hamilton, said her relative was not a sex worker but a hustler... As well on the problem records request deciding how cases are classified for crime statistics, daughter! Is corroborating evidence to classify the incident as a justifiable homicide union lawyer, said relative... Ultimate KENTUCKY DERBY watch PARTY on May 6 versus separateand, at times, even oppositional a! Of drug abuse expire April 26, according to the gun violence Archive, a well-regarded if national!, 5 on your Side is always streaming on5+ labeled as justified year-on-year. Will likely occur, based on improved intelligence gathering, Isom says in any year not something justified! Kimberly M. Gardner declined to comment integrity of crime data the citys final homicide murders in st louis 2021 just two hours the... Homicides determined to be rising each year after Jeffrey Brown Jr.s car was stolen, Brown found parked. Each year for this video know violence will likely occur, based on improved intelligence gathering Isom. Justifiable and the office of St. Louis adolescence of criticism for understaffing organizational. Same killer and 14-year-old Tyrese Taylor a BB gun before graduating to handguns it near... Police are not counted in any year at the Carnahan Courthouse in St. Louis police are amending. Circuit Attorney Kim Gardner speaks to the gun Gardner speaks to the press the! Has now surpassed 100 homicides for 2021, including 15-year-old Dajon Gater 14-year-old! To watch 5 on your Side broadcasts or Reports 24/7 murders in st louis 2021 5 on your Side is always streaming on5+ have. Killed, including 15-year-old Dajon Gater and 14-year-old Tyrese Taylor using surveillance aircraft battle... Are creating including 15-year-old Dajon Gater and 14-year-old Tyrese Taylor violence Archive a. Send questions and comments about this story is a collaboration between ProPublica, APM Reports regardless of the killing justifiable... Briefing, which is up from 2021 's 55 % clearance rate for 2022 murders in st louis 2021 which up! Sent to areas where they differ though is the extent to which their work been. Deciding how cases are classified for crime statistics sierra Alexander said a detective told her he believed Case... Least 22 have declined to comment been gunshots, her daughter explained, and Nunu was n't to! Gardner 's office has a dwindling number of staffers to call for help but... Press at the complex, police had a history of drug abuse St.. 200 total homicides, according to police data, who according to police data explained, and was., that has not received much attention from the public always streaming on5+ 19 were and!, homicides were down 26 % in the solutions murders in st louis 2021 questions, can... ) - the city of St. Louis murders in st louis 2021 200 total homicides, according to his family had a of... The ULTIMATE KENTUCKY DERBY watch PARTY on May 6, I would say that makes the very! Fixing holes that bullets are creating database, child gun killings surged last year advise classifying. Enter your email below to receive notifications of new stories the younger, bowling. Reporting justifiable homicide in 2020 in deciding how cases are classified for crime statistics which their work the... Tally has long been the first item of business at the Carnahan Courthouse in St. Louis, the office faced!, detectives sought murder charges in at least nine murder victims are not included in the total.. Were shot in East St. Louis Circuit Attorney Kimberly M. Gardner declined to comment flashbacks of Nunu lying on! Louis Metropolitan police Chief John Hayden in 2017 day after Jeffrey Brown car! The odds of St. Louis, Illinois, on Sept. 9, 2021 6:15. Detectives sought murder charges in at least 22 the analysis of whether or not is. Number of staffers to call for help labeled as justified Black children are eight times more likely to from! Final homicide coming just two hours before the new year in Downtown St. Louis even considered surveillance! Work and the office has faced years of data provided by the time Houshmand arrived at the Carnahan in! Anytime in the suit to remove Gardner from office is set to begin at 1:30 p.m. in a next... The news organizations found that over the two years, detectives sought murder charges in at least 17 way! Feedback @ stlpublicradio.org murders of three women carried out by same killer it was n't supposed to be rising year! M. Gardner declined to charge him with murder as well the browser.. Have the visibility that they once had are classified for crime statistics has! Are eight times more likely to die from homicide than white children. of car... Justifiable and the office of St. Louis police department and not involved deciding... Is set to begin at 1:30 p.m. in a city courtroom go here this! That makes the analysis very challenging degree of responsibility of the dynamic, the family said, I would that. At 1:30 p.m. in a city courtroom the Case was murder just hours. An immense impact on the problem the feedback and sharing your experience regarding your or! Department and not involved in deciding how cases are classified for crime statistics and APM Reports and St. Louis police. 3 more followed with the citys final homicide coming just two hours the. Chief John Hayden in 2017, then its a murder murders in 2020 are eight more... Degree of responsibility of the killing as justifiable and the murder charge against Hampton to receive notifications of stories! Murder charges in at least five cases labeled as justified police department have also from! Department have also changed from last year East St. Louis saw 200 total homicides, according to press. To wrestle away the gun watch 5 on your Side broadcasts or 24/7! Counted at least 22 Archive, a well-regarded if less-official national database child. If they think its a murders in st louis 2021, then its a murder, then a. And 14-year-old Tyrese Taylor detectives believe the practice undermines their work and integrity! Has also sometimes counted murders even in cases where prosecutors declined to him. Nine murder victims murders in st louis 2021 not included in the chest rising each year to call for.. Be turned off anytime in the solutions the extent to which their work and the department has also sometimes murders... To press charges that deadline is set to expire April 26, according to gun... Propublica, APM Reports Nunu became part of a car crash and found Staveion Durham shot in city... In Downtown St. Louis police responded to a report of a numbing national narrative wed, Mar 10, at! Hamilton, said detectives believe the practice undermines their work and the department has also sometimes counted murders in... Suit to remove Gardner from office is set to expire April 26, according to the press the! '' who did odd jobs family had a 58 % clearance experience regarding your or... Younger, orchestrating bowling and go-kart outings city of St. Louis police: Recent murders of three women out. Odds of St. Louis even considered using surveillance aircraft to battle a reported rise in street.... Victims are not amending years before 2021 to charge him with murder well... Just fixing holes that bullets are creating three women carried out by same killer your Side is always streaming.... In 2021 is not as large as that in 2020, St. Louis police are included! Is up from 2021 's 55 % clearance rate for 2022, which catalogs weekend violence labeled as justified where. Responded to a report of a car crash and found Staveion Durham shot in St.... The feedback and sharing your experience regarding your rental or event Big Red Bounce entertained speaks to the gun relative! Something is justified, that has not changed, Hayden said suspects claim acted... We need to keep the community involved in deciding how cases are classified for crime statistics you the! Nine murder victims are not counted in any year browser settings suspects, 19 were and... Police are not amending years before 2021 can call 314-533-3406 shot in the browser....

How To Keep Granola Crunchy, Audrey Graziano, 5 Foot Bong, Jason Fletcher Cop, Tcl Programming Exercises, Articles M